The U.S. Census Bureau releases annual counts of privately-owned residential units authorized by building permits, based on a mail survey of local building permit offices. The data relate to new housing units intended for occupancy, and exclude hotels, manufactured housing, and group residential structures. When a report is not received, data are either imputed or obtained from a separate survey on housing starts. Construction is undertaken for all but a small share of permitted units. Not all areas of the country require building permits for construction. Nationally less than 3 percent of housing units are constructed in areas not requiring permits, but this proportion varies greatly among states. The number of permit offices surveyed was expanded from 19,000 to 20,000 in 2004, so earlier counts for counties and larger geographies may not represent the exact area surveyed in the latest series. For more information, visit http://www.census.gov/const/www/permitsindex.html.

Years Available:   2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990
Geographic Levels Available:   Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

County and Zip Business Patterns provide data on business establishments and employment by industry and establishment size. The information is derived from the Standard Statistical Establishment List, a file of all known companies maintained by the U.S. Census Bureau. The Bureau obtains data for the list from its own programs as well as administrative files from the Internal Revenue Service, the Social Security Administration, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Business Patterns data cover most of the country's economic activity, but exclude data on the self-employed and most government workers. In cases when the source files suppress employment data to protect confidentiality, the DataPlace files substitute a derived measure. Adjustments were made in linking the business data reported by zip code to Zip Code Tabulation Areas . For a fuller discussion of methodology issues, please see the DataPlace analytic brief Business Patterns And Trends: National Summary (2005).

Years Available:   2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998
Geographic Levels Available:   Place, Zip Code, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau conducts a national household survey, producing the richest source of nationally available small-area data. The federal government uses Decennial Census data for apportioning congressional seats, for identifying distressed areas, and for many other activities. Census data are collected using two survey forms: the short form and the long form. Short form information is collected on every person and includes basic characteristics, such as age, sex, and race. The long form is sent to one out of every six households and collects more detailed information, such as income, housing characteristics, and employment. Most of the indicators in DataPlace are from the long form and thus are estimates based on the sample of households. These values may differ considerably from the same indicators based on the short form data, particularly for small areas. For more information, visit the Census Web site at http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.

Years Available:   2000, 1990
Geographic Levels Available:   Census Tract, Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Nation

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) annually publishes estimates of Fair Market Rents (FMRs) for calculating subsidies under the Housing Choice Voucher program. The estimates include the shelter rent plus the cost of utilities, except telephone. FMRs are produced for non-metropolitan counties and fair market rent areas, which generally follow OMB metropolitan area boundaries. HUD transitioned to 2003 metropolitan definitions in 2006. FMRs represent either the 40th or 50th percentile within the rent distribution of standard-quality rental units. The rents are based on units occupied by recent movers (those who moved into the unit in the past 15 months), excluding public housing and units less than 2 years old. HUD uses the Decennial Census to set base rents, and then updates them with the American Housing Survey, Consumer Price Index, and local telephone surveys. For more information on FMRs, visit http://www.huduser.org/datasets/fmr.html.

Years Available:   2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001
Geographic Levels Available:   County, Metropolitan Area, State

The U.S. Census Bureau Governments Division annually publishes the Consolidated Federal Funds Report (CFFR), fiscal year statistics of Federal Government expenditures or obligations in state and substate areas, including the District of Columbia. The data are obtained from information systems in various Federal Government agencies; these data have been consolidated and tabulated in a standard format. Program-specific CFFR indicators have been created for DataPlace for states and counties in the following categories: direct payments for individuals including retirement and disability, other direct payments, grants, procurement contracts, and salaries and wages. Loans and insurance programs are excluded. In addition, for DataPlace, each program has been coded by OMB budget function. For details about the functional areas, visit http://12.46.245.173/pls/portal30/catalog.BUDGET_FUNC_CD_RPT.show. For more information about the CFFR, visit http://www.census.gov/govs/www/cffr.html.

Years Available:   2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000
Geographic Levels Available:   County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) requires most lending institutions to report mortgage loan applications, including the outcome of the application, information about the loan and applicant, and location of the property. The data are collected for various purposes: to assist in determining whether financial institutions are meeting the housing credit needs of their communities; to target community development funds to attract private investment to areas where needed; and to identify possible discriminatory lending patterns. The reporting requirements are based on the level of assets of the institution and the number of loans it originates in metro areas. In DataPlace, the loan-level data have been summarized for various geographic levels into indicators addressing the racial and income distribution of loans, denial rates by race and income, and loans from subprime lenders by race. For more information about HMDA data, visit the FFIEC web site at http://www.ffiec.gov/hmda.

Years Available:   2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997
Geographic Levels Available:   Census Tract, Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

Each year, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) calculates income limits for its assisted housing programs. Limits are based on HUD median family income estimates and are calculated for “FMR areas,” defined as nonmetropolitan counties and metropolitan areas, which generally follow current OMB definitions. Income estimates for metro counties are not developed separately, but rather represent estimates for the entire metros of which they are part. HUD uses the decennial census to set base income levels, and then updates them using data from the Current Population Survey, American Community Survey, and Bureau of Labor Statistics. HUD then makes adjustments for family size and for areas that have unusually high or low income-to-housing cost relationships. HUD re-benchmarked the estimates in 2003 with 2000 Census data, resulting in an unusual number of substantial changes from the previous year. For more information, visit http://www.huduser.org/datasets/il.html

Years Available:   2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999
Geographic Levels Available:   County, Metropolitan Area, State, Nation

The DataPlace Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data files are compiled from zip code data supplied by three divisions within the agency: Statistics of Income , E-file program, and the Stakeholder Partnership Education and Communication Office . The IRS indicators are derived from individual income tax returns and thus describe characteristics of tax filers, not households or persons. IRS indicators include information about the filer's age, income level and sources, tax credits and deductions, and tax preparation method. Counts with less than 10 observations are suppressed to protect confidentiality. Adjustments to the data were made in linking the IRS data reported for zip codes to Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). For more information, visit the IRS web site at http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/

Years Available:   2002, 2001, 2000
Geographic Levels Available:   Place, Zip Code, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

Conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and sponsored by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Manufactured Homes Survey (MHS) produces annual state and regional estimates of manufactured homes placements. A sample of manufactured home dealers are contacted each month to collect data on the shipment of new manufactured homes. The dealer to whom the sampled unit was shipped is then contacted by telephone and asked about the status of the unit. This is done each month until that unit is reported as placed. Manufactured homes are defined as a movable dwelling, 8 feet or more wide and 40 feet or more long, designed to be towed on its own chassis, with transportation gear integral to the unit, and without need of a permanent foundation. Excluded are travel trailers, motor homes, and modular housing. No building permit is required for a manufactured home. For more information, visit the survey's web site at http://www.census.gov/const/www/mhsindex.html.

Years Available:   2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989, 1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1984, 1983, 1982, 1981, 1980
Geographic Levels Available:   State, Division, Region, Nation

The U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program publishes estimates as of July 1 each year for resident population and housing units. With each new issue of estimates, the Bureau revises estimates for years back to the last census. The Bureau does not publish housing unit estimates for places. The Bureau uses statistical models that combine census and administrative records information to produce estimates consistent with the last decennial census counts. Data sources contributing to population estimates include federal tax records, Medicare records, state school enrollments, vital statistics, and group quarters information. The Bureau calculates change in housing units through data on building permits, mobile home shipments, and housing unit loss. For more information, visit the program’s web site at http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php.

Years Available:   2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000
Geographic Levels Available:   Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

The historic population counts in Dataplace are derived from the Decennial Census, a survey of every household in the country conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau every ten years. The indicators are based on the 100 percent survey results, and generally reflect population as of April 1 of each year. Counts of housing units are only available in DataPlace for the years 1970 and later. The data are listed as initially reported in each census and generally do not reflect count corrections that might be included in later census reports. Only counties included in the 2004 Census Bureau population estimates are included in DataPlace. No attempt is made to adjust for changes in the geographic area of counties that experienced boundary changes between 1900 and 2004. For information on historical boundary changes, visit the Census Web site at http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/00-90doc.txt and http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ctychng.html.

Years Available:   2000
Geographic Levels Available:   County, Metropolitan Area, State, Division, Region, Nation

Every two years, the U.S. Census Bureau publishes state population projections, estimating the future population through 2030. The state projections represents an interim update to incorporate the results of Census 2000, and will be revised to be consistent with a revised set of national population projections. Projected numbers illustrate plausible courses of future population change based on assumptions about future births, deaths, international migration, and domestic migration. The components of population change (fertility, mortality, and net migration) are projected separately for each birth cohort (persons born in a given year). The base population is then advanced each year by using projected survival rates and net international migration by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. For more details, visit the projections web site at http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/popproj.html.

Years Available:   2030, 2025, 2020, 2015, 2010, 2005
Geographic Levels Available:   State, Division, Region, Nation

The Section 8 point data have been derived from the Multifamily Assistance and Section 8 Contracts (formerly known as Section 8 Expiring Use) Database available every two months from the HUD website at http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/mfh/exp/mfhdiscl.cfm. The database represents a snap-shot at a point-in-time of all multifamily assistance and Section 8 project-based subsidy contracts due to expire in 2004 or later. These HUD subsidy programs are project-based, which means they are tied to specific privately-owned rental units, not provided to tenants as with Section 8 vouchers. In DataPlace, the Section 8 point data provide selected information about each of these subsidy contracts, including physical location of the property; subsidy expiration date and contract status; the total number of assisted units by bedroom size; the number of units in the entire property; and the overall average ratio of gross contract rents to Fair Market Rents.

Years Available:   2004
Geographic Levels Available:   (none)

The Section 8 data are derived from the Multifamily Assistance and Section 8 Contracts (formerly known as Section 8 Expiring Use) Database, which is available every month from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Web site at http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/mfh/exp/mfhdiscl.cfm. The database represents a snapshot at a point in time of all multifamily assistance and Section 8 project-based subsidy contracts. Project-based subsidies are tied to specific, privately owned rental units, not provided to tenants as with Section 8 vouchers. In DataPlace, the Section 8 point (address-level) data provide selected information about each of these subsidy contracts, including physical location of the property, subsidy expiration date and contract status, total number of assisted units by bedroom size, number of units in the entire property, and overall average ratio of gross contract rents to Fair Market Rents. Address-level data have also been summed to various geographic levels.

Years Available:   2004
Geographic Levels Available:   Census Tract, Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State

The Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) data file is a detailed tabulation of the Decennial Census sponsored by HUD. It includes extensive data on a variety of physical and financial housing characteristics and needs categorized by HUD-defined income limits (30, 50, and 80 percent of area median income) and HUD-specified household types. As with the long form in the Decennial Census, CHAS indicators are estimates based on a sample of households. These “special tabulation” data are used by local governments for housing planning as part of the Consolidated Planning process and by HUD for various allocation formulas to distribute funds to localities. For more information, visit the HUDUser Web site at http://www.huduser.org/datasets/cp.html

Years Available:   2000
Geographic Levels Available:   Census Tract, Place, County, Metropolitan Area, State

The Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Research produced a special tabulation of the Census 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) that provides demographic multipliers for new housing units. The multipliers, which were developed under a grant from the Fannie Mae Foundation, are estimates of the total number of persons, school-age children, and public school children who occupy newly constructed housing of varying types. The multipliers are broken down by age and school grade and are presented separately for housing units categorized by structure type (single-family detached, single-family attached, mobile homes, 2-4 unit structures, and 5 or more unit structures), size (number of bedrooms), tenure (owner- or renter-occupied), and value or rent. (This data is available only in PDF format through the links below. It is not integrated into other DataPlace sections such as Maps, Rankings, etc.)

Years Available:   2000
Geographic Levels Available:   State, Nation Source: Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research